Imposing a Narrative: Political Agendas in Film Essay

Writers all face the same sensitive situation when beginning to compose a story, to create a narrative which accurately reflects the appropriate political commentary. Journalists often claim to be apolitical and purely objective, however, the fact of the matter is that the best a journalist can do is to aim to be as nonbiased and formal as possible in their political assertions. Other writers have it easier in that they are able to perhaps lean a bit further into one political direction over another, to make a story more personal and informal. For example, Michael Moore’s recent film Sicko places focus on the health care system as being in need of reform, utilizing obviously pro-Democratic rhetoric (2007). Moore calls attention to the socialist ideals in Europe which have strengthened the health care system in ways such as reducing costs to patients and increasing quality of life, in comparison to the United States. Some screenplay writers are confident in their aim to politicize certain issues, to use their artistic talent to call attention to social problems. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Nora Ephron claims that â€Å"for something to matter it must be political†, asserting the point of view that it is vital for writers to impose a narrative on the audience in an effort to open minds to political perspectives (1992, 453). In incorporating the objective truth of events into films, it is essential to add enough personal and political opinion to be able to create a story which is full of touching meaning and excitement rather than purely disjointed factual analysis. Purpose of Screenwriter Ephron claims that imposing a narrative about an actual event or true life story is the writer’s â€Å"version of what†¦ happened† (1992, 454). This version of reality necessitates some elements of fiction, in that there is rarely a time when any writer knows the exact sequence of events in detail. The best that a writer can do, the responsibility of a writer, is to fill in the gaps with educated, plausible, exciting, and political guesses as to what may have occurred. When researching events, even events which may have just happened the day before, the writer is often faced with â€Å"historical fact and ongoing myth† (Ephron, 1992, 454). It is the responsibility of the talented and politically minded writer to supplement what is known with what is unknown, in order to weave a fuller fabric through storytelling. In screenwriting, the writer is concerned with taking what is known to be objective fact and interspersing these facts with creative images and ideas, so that the writer is able to tell a story which has a political agenda and imposes a certain narrative on the audience. Although many journalists disagree with the artistic elements of screenwriting, in which known facts are supplemented with interesting guesses and thought provoking speculations, there is simply no other way to produce an effective film without the influencing element of subjective narration. It would be impossible to create a movie about the life of Marilyn Monroe without adding some devised elements of pure fiction to what is actually known to be factual information about her life. Without the fiction, the facts would stand alone, hanging there as spots of time. No one person knows exactly the thoughts and activities of any other person, so if one person wants to create a film about the life of another person, is it essential to be able to inject the story of what actually occurred with what may have occurred. In this way, the story becomes full, interesting, and rich. The writer is able to contribute something of oneself into the final product. In this way, the completed film becomes a personal and meaningful sequence of events, some events being factual, and some events being fictional. In any case, one can rest assured that writers take time and energy necessary to infuse their documentary screenplays with colorful characters and powerful emotion, so that audience members are able to be moved and swayed in accordance with the intention of the creative process. Narrative in Film When considering the purpose of storytelling in film, particularly when the film is based upon the true story of a person’s life, it is important to be able to appreciate the ways in which facts are coupled with fiction in the effort to produce scenes and characters which come to life for the audience. This liveliness is often romantic, dramatic, political, yet is vital for the richness of the tale and the ability of the writer to devote oneself to the story on a personal and passionate level. One particularly moving film is A Beautiful Mind, based on the life of John Forbes Nash, Jr. , Nobel Laureate in Economics (Howard, 2001). Nash developed a highly respected theory of economics which is referred to as the Nash Equilibrium, which basically states that the motives of the individual and the motives of the group are correlated, in support of cooperative decision making. Nash was also known to have been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, a fact acknowledged in the film. However, the bar scene where Nash unsuccessfully tries to strike up conversations with women and admits to his pals that he is â€Å"better with numbers than with people† is a fictional story devised by the screenwriter. It is personal situations such as this, the drawing together of Nash’s tremendous genius and social insecurity into a college bar excursion with his buddies, which aim to personalize and politicize the story of a person’s life. It is up to the audience to determine whether or not they believe Nash tried to pick up on women and failed, if his insecurity was the result of a mental illness or of experiencing the assault of human society, if he was simply shyer and less aggressive than other men, if he was learning something about economics when faced with this social situation. The possibilities are endless. In creating this personal interlude into what could have been a plausible occurrence in Nash’s life, the writer brings the audience into a fabricated yet intimate scene of what could have contributed to the experience of what it meant to be Nash. Conclusion In addressing the truth of the world through the medium of film, it is essential for writers to be aware that their documentaries necessarily must be empowered by bridging cultural divides and inspiring hope in overcoming political turmoil. It is essential that writing expose the harsh realities of a volatile world, educate and motivate people, and utilize entertainment through modes of humor and drama (Barnard, 2007). In films such as A Beautiful Mind, the lives of the characters become intimate appraisals of the human soul, and audience members reflect upon their own personal experiences and judgments as a result of this delving into the story of another person’s life. Political events in films, such as suggesting that psychiatric medication was not helpful to Nash, have a reverberating effect on the entire society and force people to make personal conclusions about what is right and wrong in the world. Although it is not the job of a screenwriter to misconstrue the facts, it is certainly the job of a writer to decorate the story with intimate yet fictional events, to make certain that the audience is absorbed in the entertainment of the imposed narrative, and to take the meaning of the story in just enough of a political direction to inspire people to think about their world a little bit differently than they may have done before.

Parole and Probation Essay

â€Å"A term coined by John Augustus from the Latin term†probare†- to prove, to test; the origin for the Probation came from English Law in the Middle Ages. †(A Brief History of Probation) â€Å"In 1841He persuaded Boston Police Court to release an adult drunkard into his custody rather than send him to prison- the prevalent means dealing with law violations at that time. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) He was successful in improving the drunkards’ condition. It wasn’t a task done without controversies. Other police, court clerks and turnkeys didn’t agree with what John Augustus was doing, because this was taking away their pay. They got paid for those that were incarcerated, not the ones John Augustus took in his custody. â€Å"In 1878 Massachusetts passed the first probation statute mandating an official State Probation System with salaried officers. Other states followed suit. †(Meet John Augustus, 2007) â€Å"On July 1, 1930 the Division of Parole was established in the Executive Department. †(History of Parole in New York State) This meant that the Department of Corrections would no longer make decisions on which parolees would be released from prison. This responsibility was given to the fulltime Board of Parole that had been established by the Executive Department. â€Å"In 1917 Division of Parole was consolidated with the Department of Corrections to form the Department of Corrections Services (DOCS). †(History of Parole in New York State) â€Å"The Sentencing Reform Act of 1998 referred to as Jenna’s Law added a new dimension to the Division through the elimination of discretionary release for all violent felony offenders while mandating court imposed periods of post release supervision of 1. to 5 years that the offender must serve after his period of incarceration imposed by the court. †(History of the Parole in New York State) Taken a closer look it seems that probation and parole are basically the same thing, its’ like they did the same work but only had different names. No, if you think of it that way you are wrong they are both in the same agency or department but they are not the same. There is a difference; â€Å"probation is part and parcel in the offenders initial sentence and parole comes much faster allowing the offender early release from prison sentence. (Findlaw, 2008) Probation is alternative used by the courts, instead of sending the offender to prison. The courts put restrictions and supervision; they go through sanctions depending on their offense. If they are drug addicts they put them through a rehabilitation program to help them get cleaned. They put them through school to learn a skill so they can find a job. If necessary they also go through anger management classes. There is a variety of sanctions available which the probation officers prepare for them to go through to better themselves and keep from falling in the same offense or any other one over and over. Parole helps the inmates to return to the community after serving part of their prison term. There is a very strict process through which they have to go through to be able to return to the community as a normal person and not as an outcast. There are many sanctions they have to go through to help them be prepared to return back to civilization and not return as a repeat offender. Probation and Parole officers have large caseloads, more than reasonably acceptable, but there’s nothing they can do about it. They do the best they can to help the offenders get ready and feel confident about themselves and their return to their communities. These officers are assigned to areas where they know the community and its resources. This way they are able to provide better help for the offenders. Some offenders have specialized cases and the Probation and Parole officers focus on these special areas; supervision is provided by Parole for domestic violence, sexual assault, violent youthful offenders and other types of offenders. More and more conservatives now favor the abolishing parole, sharply curtailing probation, imprisoning over adult felons for his or her entire term and warehousing juvenile offenders in adult jails. †(Dilulio Jr. , 1997) To abolish probation and parole is not a very good idea. It just needs work and money to be invested on it. They need to hire more officers for Probation and Parole to help alleviate the load they have now. By hiring more personnel, they can put the light cases to a team of officers; this can help the officers that have specialized cases, it will make the caseloads they have now lighter for them. This gives them more time to focus on the special needs of the offenders. Being able to spend more time to help the offenders get through and be able to understand what and why they are doing some of these sanctions and what benefits they will get out of them. Once they understand they will look forward to continuing and finishing these sanctions because it will make them a better person and feel a change in their lives. This will be a big help to the Probation and Parole officers; they will be able to rigorously enforce the sanctions the offenders go through, and be proud of them when they complete these sanctions and become better citizens. It will be even better when the officers see a year or two or three pass by and don’t see the offenders return. The main thing needed is for more money to be invested to Probation and Parole. There are many things that are being studied foe the betterment of Probation and Parole. Innovations† in probation on July 2007 â€Å"Assessing New York City’s automated Reporting System†; New York City Department of Probation has successfully used the Kiosk System to focus its’ resourced on probationers identified as high risk through increasingly reporting and lower caseloads by assigning larger number of low-risk to high case loads. †(Department of Probation, 2008) This is just one of the many innovations that will help Probation and I recommend it. Parole is a tougher cookie to bite, because some of the offenders just aren’t going through the programs that they need to go through. The Parole Officer often wastes their time going after the bad offenders to get them to follow their program. There is nothing they can do if they’re not willing to help themselves; they will eventually commit other crimes. For these offenders the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law will work well. You give them three chances and they fail them then their â€Å"out†, in other words they go back to prison to finish their sentence and on top they will serve for the new crimes they have committed; and should have a no parole policy after the â€Å"three strikes you’re out† law. On the other hand there are those offenders that are putting all their efforts to stay off drugs, remain sober and get a job. These offenders are ignored and forgotten because they’re too busy chasing the bad non-compliant ones. If they pay more attention to the ones that are ignored they can make a big difference by letting everyone see that it can be done , they can be turned to a self-reliant person that can go back into the community without fear of being treated as an outcast. Martin Horn, formerly head of New York State’s Parole Authority and Commissioner of Prisons in Pennsylvania. † †Horns notion is to reinvent Parole on the basis of a â€Å"personal responsibility† model. Released personnel would be given the equivalent of a parole voucher. For a fixed time-say two years-hes can use the voucher to seek education, job training, drug treatment or other services from state selected providers. If he wants to help himself, he can, if not heâ€℠¢s on his own. Do a new crime during this period-bite the hand that is offering you a way to help yourself and you do the time for the crime, plus a year or two. †(Dilulio Jr, 1997) This is also a notion that Horn had and O believe the only way to see if it works is to put it to the test. It’s the only way to know if this reinvention to Parole will work to improve what is now available in Parole. Just like the Kiosk System seems to be working, now Philadelphia Probation wants New York City Probation to help them create a Kiosk-Based Automated System just like the one they have in New York City Probation. Reference http://www.nyc.gov/html/prob/home.html

Bmw’s Dream Factory and Culture

The culture at BMW is an entrepreneurial culture which emphasizes creativity, risk taking and the bottom-up system of freewheeling ideas. The top-down management style is popular in Germany but not at the BMW. As soon as associates start working at the BMW, they will have the sense of the place, history and the mission of the company. BMW creates a working environment that promotes easier communications between leaders and employees. Every employee can contribute his or her ideas and creations via either formal or informal ways. For example, an employee sees his or her supervisor by chance on the way to lunch, he/she can tell this person of the idea which has just happened in his/her mind. More importantly, their voices and their ideas are heard, welcomed and brought into discussions and consideration. As a result, a car from BMW is often a production of thousands of impromptu brainstorming sessions. Furthermore, BMW cares for the benefits of its employees. It includes all employees in profit sharing. It has a plan that distributes as much as one and a half months’ extra pay at the end of the year to employees. The company also provides a high level of job security for its employees. Lastly, BMW also focuses on high-quality but practical products which meet the demand of consumers and are highly competitive with other auto producers. The company’s near-failure from producing impractical and expensive cars during the postwar time in 1959 was a big lesson for them. This near-failure is always retold and mentioned in all new orientations for the new associates. It helps to remind all employees at BMW of a lesson learned for the company in developing its plans in the future and ensuring that kind of mistake should never happen again. 2. Discuss the model of leadership illustrated at BMW. The model of leadership illustrated at BMW is the consideration model of leadership. The leaders at BMW have close relationships with subordinates that are based on mutual trust, two-way and open communications, and respect for employees’ ideas. The managers at BMW must stay humble and work closely with subordinates and their peers. The Leipzig factory, which looks like an art museum, is a very creative working environment that can make the communications between managers and employees easier. Managers at BMW are the ones who know to make the right questions to ask their subordinates, not the ones who have all the right answers. They also emphasize the satisfaction of their employees’ needs and provide as many benefits to their employees as possible. They are approachable and always willing to listen to their employees. They think if the employees are well motivated, better cars will be produced. . Discuss how the leadership model contributes to the culture. The leadership model at BMW shortens the distance between leaders and subordinates. The relationships between them are built on mutual trust. Employees can feel free to raise their innovative ideas to their managers anytime and anywhere. When the employees see that their voice is heard, they are more encouraged to talk. Moreover, the company cares for the employees’ benefits. In return, the employees are very flexible to contribute their best for the company. The employees do not mind working temporarily for months in another work location which requires them to be far away from their family. They are willing to work for extra hours without being concerned about overtime. In summary, the leadership model at BMW has made it such a culture that is quite distinct from other German companies. 4. Discuss why employees derive high job satisfaction at BMW. The employees of BMW derive high job satisfaction because their benefits are well cared of, their voice is heard and their hard work is highly appreciated. Also, their job security at BMW is high. Any employees, regardless of what grade they are, can contribute their ideas and their innovations to the company’s managers easily. There are no complicated, formal processes or procedures required to send their ideas to their management teams. Furthermore, when the company gets more profits, the employees will also be more benefited. Good working environment is developed and paid attention to. In conclusion, BMW’s employees are highly motivated so they are satisfied and willing to contribute more to the development of the company.

Traning Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traning Methods - Assignment Example I will discuss four methods of training in this essay, namely, apprenticeship, simulation, role playing and in-basket method. The apprenticeship training provides workers with comprehensive training both on and off the job in the practical and theoretical aspects of the work required in a highly skilled occupation. A typical apprenticeship program usually requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction but this varies depending of the job requirements. Like other on-the-job training methods, its main objective is the development of the skills of the employee. An advantage of this method is that the employee does not have to make major adjustments at work unlike off-the-job trainings. The disadvantage is that employees sometimes find this method stressful because of the fear of damaging an equipment or having large amounts of wastage; thus, resulting to a hindrance to his learning process. Another method of training is the simulation method. Th is method is used for jobs which require operating equipments which are dangerous or too expensive such as the job of a pilot. In this case, simulators of the equipment are designed and set up away from the actual work situation. The advantage of this training method is that the job hazards are removed and opportunities for repeated practice can be done without being too costly for the company.

Feminism and International Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feminism and International Security - Essay Example In the face of increased security threats emanating from terror activities and techno wars, feminist voices have risen to demand for inclusion of women in international security systems. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between feminism and international security. This will be done by answering the question: what is the impact of feminism on international security? A comprehensive analysis of different literature on studies done on feminism and international security will be conducted so as to shed more light on this issue. (Blanchard 70-119), discusses the functions of feminist scholarship in international security by reviewing feminist literature on international relations. According to the study, feminists in the international relations have not put adequate focus on the issue of military hardware leading to scanty information on war, gender and technology understudied. The study also notes the importance of inclusion of women in security matters by analyzing the practical aspect of feminist security theory in the combating global insecurity. According to Blanchard, international relations; the body of discipline tasked with theorizing the world only created a place for feminist analysts just recently. This could be the reason behind the few female led academic studies and findings on topics relating to politics, military and war issues. The fact that foreign policy and military affairs have been mostly conducted by men, the academic discipline tasked with analyzing this two areas have become largel y masculine. The assumptions, explanations and experiences focus on men making it difficult for women to find scholarly materials on women experiences. According to (Pettman 19-56), historically women have played second fiddle to men in the decision making process on the global platform. Women have continually been rendered insecure through acts of sexual violence, gendered division of labour and

Understanding Middle Eastern Politics and Global Hegemony Essay

Understanding Middle Eastern Politics and Global Hegemony - Essay Example This perspective, according to Verbeek (2003), is strengthened by a traditional realist framework which integrates the positivist handbook reflection of international law and hence believes that international law is either at best simply a rationale for decision made based on interests in power politics or immaterial to concerns for national interest. Existing literature reviews show evidently the meagerness of scholarly attempts to explain the Suez crisis within the context of realist theory. The realist argument that law was quite irrelevant to either American or British foreign policy, outside its ability to give explanation for foreign policy, seems to neglect the historical proof that suggests international law had a greater significant effect on British and American foreign policy conduct (Fawcett, 2009). The realist argument that international law was either an easy alibi for policy motives or lacking relevance, as regards to British policy, seems to be flawed. Historical docu ments indicate that legal concerns were a major component considered by both American and British legislators in the development and execution of foreign policy throughout the Suez crisis (Fawcett, 2009). Realist theory, according to Hansen (2011), with its focus on actual exercises and demonstrations of power, would expect that if ever international law could consider the conduct of the State it would be to defend course of action where law reinforced the favored policy. If the State is somewhat less dominant or influential and in a ‘lower’ legal status, in the sense that its favored course of action would more simply be judged ‘unlawful’, realism would expect that law would become irrelevant to the policymaking process (Mattern, 2005). Realism would expect that... The researcher states argument that law was quite irrelevant to either American or British foreign policy, outside its ability to give explanation for foreign policy, seems to neglect the historical proof that suggests international law had a greater significant effect on British and American foreign policy conduct. The realist argument that international law was either an easy alibi for policy motives or lacking relevance, as regards to British policy, seems to be flawed. Historical documents indicate that legal concerns were a major component considered by both American and British legislators in the development and execution of foreign policy throughout the Suez crisis. Realist theory, according to Hansen, with its focus on actual exercises and demonstrations of power, would expect that if ever international law could consider the conduct of the State it would be to defend course of action where law reinforced the favored policy. If the State is somewhat less dominant or influenti al and in a ‘lower’ legal status, in the sense that its favored course of action would more simply be judged ‘unlawful’, realism would expect that law would become irrelevant to the policymaking process. Realism would expect that international law would become immaterial to a State where law and policy objectives conflict, and particularly in cases where the State is rivaling a quite stronger State and law is not an expression of ‘actual power’ as defined by realism.

Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom - Essay Example Broaching such a topic is almost impossible because personal freedom is relatively young concept when compared against the backdrop of time. The concept is a modern day complexity because over the course of human existence personal freedom was not a reality. The evolution of human society prior to the last 200 years had a societal hierarchy in which those in power, with status, gold and silver exercised personal freedom; those members of society without were obligated to those with wherewithal and the illusion of freedom was not a consideration. According to the United States Declaration of Independence personal freedom by definition is â€Å"The right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† (Declaration of Independence). Implied is the ability to pursue happiness by living life in a manner that does not impose or infringe on the well-being and rights of others while living within the confines of the governing laws. The ideals of pursuing happiness and liberty from an individual perspective have the potential to create havoc because happiness to one person may not be happiness to another. In contrast, the opposite of personal freedom is slavery or â€Å"human trafficking† another modern day term, or the oppression of â€Å"Jim Crow† laws, and the current politically motivated attempts to exclude and prevent certain groups from voting in the upcoming elections. Each of these examples depicts the removal or hindrance of personal freedom and the right to live freely. To some degree politics, economics, culture, leisure indulgences, educational opportunities, or the varying religious beliefs are each attributes of personal freedom. However, in theory personal freedom is an illusion because individuals living and doing as he or she pleases has restraints. Society’s laws and regulations dictate to what extent personal freedom can be expressed; going outside of the allowable boundaries results in punishment for infractions with seve re consequences in certain circumstances. Similarly, aside from governmental laws and rules that govern the influence of culture on the expression of personal freedom presents additional constraints as well. Take for instance in America families have the personal freedom to decide how many children to have, but as a stark cultural contrast in the People’s Republic of China families are restricted by government regulations to only one child (Rosenberg). Whereas the motivation for the policy has intrinsic value clearly personal freedom to choose is restricted because of the imposing regulations for the benefit of the community at large. Theorists such as Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Henry James (1843-1916) debated the veracity of personal freedom because of the hierarchical design of the economic structure within society. James believed that true personal freedom was an impossibility citing the controls of government resembling that of a â€Å"Puppeteer manipulating the populaceà ¢â‚¬  (qtd. in Koopman 177). Moltmann presented the argument that personal freedom cannot exist because individuals are members of a larger network or group and inexplicably members of the community of human beings. His philosophy was valid in that individuals cannot experience a true state of individuality or personal freedom due to the invisible connections that binds

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult Essay

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult - Essay Example My transformation as a child to an adult was in a Toronto suburb as an only son in a family of eight. What made me grow up differently from my siblings was that I always had a carefree and, sometimes, quite reckless mindset towards life. While my seven sisters were either doing their homework or doing house chores, there I was, running up and down my neighborhood searching for stray dogs to terrorize and play football with the neighborhood children. My father, who had waited patiently for a son until I was born, always referred to me as a waste of life, although my mother always defended me. My father was adamant that I was the family’s hope but, at nine, you rarely see yourself as anyone’s hope, so our relationship was a mess. In the summer of 1996, I arrived home from school to a rude shock. My father, finally fed up, had made a decision of leaving my mother and marrying his black mistress who already had his son. When my mother refused to grant him custody of any of us, he seemed quite relieved. I could tell this because, by then, I had begun looking at people and observing their facial expressions. My father could not bear to look at us, but I always knew my mother’s housewife routine had gotten to him. This is an autobiographical paper that discussing the people, places, events, and experiences that have influenced my culture, social class, gender, religion and sexual orientation. Race Growing up as a child, my neighborhood, was predominantly white. However, some of my friends were not white; for example, my best friend’s family had emigrated from Papua New Guinea. My feelings towards racial minorities were non-existent during my childhood, as I even went to my friend’s house for dinner and â€Å"homework†. As I became older, however, I began to have a different outlook towards other races, especially African Canadians. While my attitude was not racist, I had a hard time convincing myself that not all black people were like the woman who took my father away from my mother. I met her once during a school trip to the zoo, as she clung to my father’s arm and I was afraid of talking my black friends after that. However, when I joined high school, my attitude took another turn when I met a black girl who had emigrated from Tanzania. I was amazed at how different she was from what I had envisioned black women to be growing up, and watching my mother struggle as a single mum. When I met my father’s new partner at the zoo, she had sneered at me, which had given me the impression that this was a â€Å"black thing†. However, with Aisha, she had the most loving face I had ever seen. Going to college saw me meet more black people and my attitude by then had changed to one of inclusiveness. This was brought on by my comprehension that we were all after the same things in life. Social Class When I was growing up in a middle-class suburb, my interaction with lower class citizens was lim ited to the mall and school. I remember I always had a â€Å"keep away† attitude towards them. This was informed by an incident where my sister was robbed and almost raped coming from her boyfriend’s house across the rail tracks. I remember my mother being livid that her boyfriend had not even had the courtesy to come and explain the situation. From that day, she forbids us from mixing with those â€Å"uncivilized folk†. When I was ten, my friends and I came up against a gang of youth from the ghetto as we scurried after a stray dog. While they did not beat us as they took our clothes and the little money we had, I still remember their â€Å"rich kids† taunts. I did not consider myself a rich kid at that point since my parents had to take care of eight siblings, so I began to wonder what these rich kids could have done to deserve this kind of treatment. When I joined High School, I came to the realization that the rich kids were not very different from us .

The Use and Abuse of Power in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Use and Abuse of Power in Management - Essay Example Hence, power is an inherent characteristic of organisational action. Leaders and organisational management find â€Å"continued opportunity to sharpen their power-use skills in every contact they make in the group and with relevant stakeholders† (Fairholm 1993: 37). Power is an essential part of the organisational decision making undertaken by managers, and forms the medium of leadership. It plays a critical role in the selection of key staff, in resource allocation, in promotion actions, reorganisation decisions, and in the development, flow, and use of information. Power is also considered in motivational terms to be the critical difference â€Å"between the person who seeks to control the conduct of the individual and the group, and the leader who exercises control over the results they achieve† (Fairholm 1993: 46). In contemporary organisations, effective leadership depends on the use of power for success; therefore skilled use of power forms the core accomplishment in organisations. Contrasting with the use of power is the other side of the corporate coin in the form of abuse of power by organisational leadership. Increasingly, large corporation engage in corruption, and misuse of the immense power they have built up. The corporate world is overreaching the power it has amassed, similar to power in other domains such as in politics, which also exceed their limit when permitted. Due to its excessively predatory practices, the atmosphere in today’s corporate world has been termed as ‘piratical’. Abuse of power reveals itself in several ways. The most disturbing occurrences pertain to â€Å"the efforts of corporations to conscript the political process for their own benefit through their large financial contributions, both legal and illegal† (Clinard 1990: 6). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significance of power in organisations. The dynamics of power will include the theoretical back ground on the use and abuse of power by leaders, examination of a case study and illustrations through organisational examples. THE DYNAMICS OF POWER IN ORGANISATIONS According to Pfeffer (1992), besides organisational leaders, the members of an organisation vie with each other for dominance. They compete for the power to get their own way, while confronting competitive action by others in their intimate work group. This situation takes five aspects into consideration. Organisational participants interact continually with people in an interdependent relationship with them. The participants are in a competitive situation regarding who among them will achieve the desired goals. Scarcity forms a part of the situation to some extent. â€Å"The participants attach enough importance to the situation, goals, or approach that they are willing to engage their energy in this relationship† (Fairholm 1993: 30). These five dimensions of the power relationship also defines typical organisa tional life. Employees’ understanding of a situation increases by viewing the relationship in political power terms. Theoretical Background: Use and Abuse of Power in Organisations Leadership is a relational term, it identifies a relationship in which â€Å"some people are able to persuade others to adopt new values, attitudes and goals, and to exert effort on behalf of those values and goals† (Hogg 2005: 53). The relationship is almost always defined within the

How Does Bullying Impact School Success Research Paper

How Does Bullying Impact School Success - Research Paper Example The bullied students develop a great sense of fear that reduces their concentration and affects their psychological being. As results, such students may not be in a better position to concentrate in class and perform to their limit. Those in support of this perspective argue that the stability of the student and his/her ability to exist in a fear free environment affects the final performances of such students. Bullying impacts more mentally on a student’s stability and this creates excessive feeling of fear on the victims thus making them vulnerable in any situation (Ainer and Perry, 2003). The inability to counter the impacts of the bullies and punish such acts increases the prevalence of disrespect and disregard to the available laws that govern student’s behavior within the schools and colleges. The lack of intervention by the school administration results into loss of respect for fellow students and the teachers themselves. The bullies may develop a big man syndrom e and the feeling that they are above the control of the school administration. As a result, they may continue in the perpetuation of their atrocities on fellow students without fear of being punished. This reduces the school’s performance and respect as the victims may become more and more unprotected and vulnerable (Lohaus et al, 2002). In this evaluation, there are those who support the notion that the impacts of bullying on a schools performance emanates from the students end while others believed that the ineffectiveness it creates on the school’s administration significantly affects it performance. Uncontrolled bullying in schools has been shown to go beyond the fields and the students extra time into studying hours. During... This report approves that the United States is one of the most diverse countries in the world with a large number of different racial groupings and classes. Bullying has been associated with diversity especially from a racial and class perspective that makes the inferior class or race more susceptible to victimization. The prevalence of bullying in ethnically diverse schools has resulted into acts of aggression and retaliation by threatened races, which have caused significant harm to the aggressors and the victims. The schools are never spared from such racial wars as they fabric as a society that embraces diversity is tone apart. The failure of the institutions to address the growing ethnic and racial profiling and aggressive behaviors contribute to the emergence of racial blocks within schools as found within our prisons. Such groups develop aggressive tendencies towards each other and engage in violent activities to assert their authorities. This essay makes a conclusion that bullying is considered as one of the worst barbaric and cowardice acts committed by students on their colleagues intentionally thus causing considerable harm. The effects of bullying are widespread affecting the aggressor, the victim, the witness and the school in equal measure. The school, as the custodian of the authority over the overall student’s behavior has a number of responsibilities in ensuring safety over the students. However, widespread bullying erodes their authority and impacts significantly on the success of a learning institution.

Jay Gatsby- The Legend Essay Example for Free

Jay Gatsby- The Legend Essay ‘It is not enough to make progress; we must make it in the right direction. ’ How important is it to apply this saying our lives? Well, is very important. What is that makes us human beings and not animals? Is it where we come from and what we have or self-control of our wants and needs? To what extent are we ready to go to gain power that we no longer remember who we are! Jay Gatsby from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby will be able to answer these questions to us. Jay Gatsby, a year or two over thirty, was a mysterious persona. He lived in West Egg, Long Island and was greatly known in the locality for his lavish parties that housed both the invited as well as the uninvited. With extravagant cuisine, rich fresh fruits from New York, Vladimir Tostoff’s Jazz and his Rolls Royce moving to and fro picking up guests, Jay Gatsby threw big parties. He used the phrase ‘old sport’ very often while addressing everybody. His picking of words with care only showed some fishiness regarding his identity. By calling himself an Oxford Educated and wealthy person without any family, he camouflaged his true identity and was a liar. Jay Gatsby, was truly James Gatz a nobody from North Dakota whose parents were unsuccessful farm people. Gatsby’s humiliation of being poor and a man without any class increased his hunger for power and he didn’t care how he got it. â€Å"Contemporary legends such as the â€Å"underground pipe-line to Canada. attached themselves to him, and there was one persistent story that he didn’t live in a house at all, but in a boat that looked like a house and was moved secretly up and down the Long Island shore† (Fitzgerald) only establishes the fact that his business was unethical and notorious. He was a bootlegger and had various links to people like Wolfsheim. His current attitude and outlook that showed off his wealth and dignity was certainly not inherit ed as he worked as a janitor and was a drop out from St. Olaf’s college in Minnesota. Unhappy about his poverty and class, â€Å"he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. † (Fitzgerald) His belief that money and power could accomplish anything and change the past, only portrays his blatant attitude that led to conceal his true identity and he thus showed off his wealth through his parties despite that fact that it mostly invited fake people. Madly in love with Daisy, a beautiful woman who was married to the Tom Buchanan, Gatsby hoped to win her back and thus kept throwing those wonderfully big parties. His world and life revolved around the dream of winning back his love Daisy. â€Å"Gatsby buys his West Egg mansion with the sole intention of being across the bay from Daisy Buchanans green light at the end of her dock, a fantasy which becomes Gatsbys personal version of the American Dream† (Novel Analysis). Having his emotions bottled up for Daisy for so many years, it became a burning passion in his heart, made him very obsessive. He used richness and wealth to lure her back to him. His love for Daisy had blinded him to the fact that she had left him for a man with solid position, wealth and prosperity which was another reason in his life to become rich. He idolized her and he felt married to her and wanted her back at any cost even though she killed Myrtle-Tom’s lover while driving Gatsby’s car. Having lived the life the way he want and working towards achieving his goal and dream, Jay Gatsby is that legend with whom we can relate ourselves. We all have wants and desires. But his desire for Daisy only led to his downfall. Misguided by his belief and seeking vengeance for Myrtle’s murder, Myrtle’s husband George killed Gatsby in his own pool thinking that it was Gatsby who murdered his Myrtle which in reality was Daisy! A funeral with only few friends and his father Henry Gatz and none of the fake people who attended his parties, nor Daisy for whom he was killed, Jay Gatsby’s life only portrays that it is not money that maketh man, it is his values and ideals. It is not what we want, but why we want something and a constant check on the direction we are going makes us who we are!

When Darkness Struck Essay Example for Free

When Darkness Struck Essay It was past your curfew late one night and you were on your way home. While you were in the lift with a neighbour, it came to a complete halt suddenly. Based on the above information, write a composition of about 150 words. In your composition, make use of the points below: †¢ How did you feel? †¢ What did your neighbour do? †¢ What happened in the end? You may reorder the points. You may also include other relevant points. I looked at my watch. Oh no! It was 10 pm and it was way past my curfew. I sighed. Who cares? I have to work overtime. ‘Ok, everyone you may pack up for the day. Sorry to hold you guys in,’ said the boss. My heart rejoiced. Finally, peace and freedom! I took the public bus home to my flat. I walked briskly towards the lift lobby as I pressed the lift button. Mr Chan, my next-door neighbour, was waiting for the lift, too. We smiled at each other. ‘Working overtime again?’ he asked. I nodded. The lift door opened. We walked into the lift together. While the lift was moving up, it suddenly halted, the lights went out, the entire lift went pitch dark. Fear crept onto me as I felt my way to Mr Chan and asked,’ What should we do?’ ‘Don’t worry, I will try possible ways for help,’ Mr Chan replied as he felt for the emergency button and pressed it. To our dismay, it did not work due to the blackout. Next, Mr Chan tried the second attempt. He felt around his pocket to look for his mobile phone. With that, he dialed to the engineer rescuers. A few minutes later, the lift door cracked open. I could saw the glimpse of light outside. I thanked Mr Chan and the rescuers for their help. Mr Chan and I walked home together, then we split into different routes to our doors respectively. I could see Mr Chan’s wife, Mrs Chan, standing by the front door, waiting for him anxiously. On the other hand, my mother was waiting for me. When she saw me, she asked, ‘Where did you go? I was about to call to your office venue!’ ‘There was a blackout in the lift.  Luckily Mr Chan was with me, or I would still be stuck in the lift by now,’ I replied. This reassured my mother, as we walked into our house, getting ready for the night. I saw a piece of paper on the coffee table. It was written to me by Mrs Chan. It said: Dear Carine, There’s a curfew today from 10pm onwards. Residents are not to use the lift, for they might encounter problems such as blackouts. I would like to remind you so that you could tell your boss about the curfew at your estate when you reached your working venue so that he can release you earlier. Your neighbour, Mrs Chan I was about to sleep for the night after changing my clothes when I heard ‘Carine, Mrs Chan left you a note this morning. Have you seen it?’ I sighed, with a smile on my face. There goes my mother again, who only tells people after they have seen it.

Causes and Effects of Inflation in India

Causes and Effects of Inflation in India Introduction Inflation is defined as the constant rise in the price of a particular goods and services over a period of time. When the level of prices increases, each unit of currency can purchase lesser goods and services making the purchasing power will decrease. There are two types of inflation in this world including the positive inflation and negative inflation. A negative inflation will increase the chances of investors to hold their money as the future is still in uncertainty. They do not want to take risks of their money to invest in uncertainty and hence will lead to surplus of goods in market. A positive inflation will help the bank to adjust their real interest rate in a short run and encourage investment in the non-monetary capital project. Summary In recent years, high food inflation in India is one of the factors which bring to non-food inflation and aggregate inflation. There are 4 factors that affect food inflation occur, which are international prices and trade policy, rising demand supply mismatch, stagnant productivity and minimum support prices. During 2008 and 2010, international economist forecasted that will be inflation on that year caused that the international price of good increase. It affects the cost of input which import from foreign country has been increased as well. Besides, rising per capita income and diversification of diet in India causes that the demand of high-value product like eggs, meat fruits and other rise while the response of supply of these products is being weak. To overcome the problem of stagnant productivity, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is promoted and it affect that the rural wages in India rise. Under this program, the indexation of wage rate to Consum er Price Index has been pushed up the minimum wage. (Sonna, October 2014) Food inflation will cause that wage rate increase because labor can request for a higher wage since food is constituted as an important good in their consumption basket. Increase of wage will increase the cost of production and make the prices of non-food increase as well. On the same time, the real income of producer in food sector is increased during the rise in food price. It cause that the demand of non-food items will rise due to the increases of food prices which relative to aggregate price through substitution effects and through income effect of the food producer. (Sonna, October 2014) When the price of food inflates, it will drive the fluctuation in currency which has created a huge impact on all the sectors. For instance, the domestic oil price is linked with the international oil price. This lead to the oil price has a direct relationship with the Indian currency as US dollar which has already become one of the acceptable global currencies in the international market. However, the impact brought by the increase in oil price is not heavy and will cause a big burden to the market because this increase in price will go through the other sectors in the market. This contributes to share the burden of the increase in oil price among the other sectors. This causes inflation of other goods to happen due to the chain reaction happen when the prices of the domestic oil increase. (Dr.A.Hidhaya Mahammad Rafee.B, 2014) As the oil price and inflation build a cause and effect relationship, the fluctuations of oil prices have significant impact on the inflation. The impacts of oil prices fluctuations are different in oil exporting and in oil importing countries. For the oil exporting countries, the increment of oil prices constituted good news while the increment of oil prices constituted bad news for oil importing countries. For instance, China and India were known as the most consumption on the oil among the oil importing countries in the world. Anshul Sharma stated that inflation will move in the same direction with the movement of oil prices. The inflation rate increases as the crude oil increases and vice versa. Since the early of the 21st century, the prices of oil has rising heavily. This contributed to the higher inflation as the cost of production increased. The increment of cost of production led to the increment of fuel costs and then caused the decrement of supply. Jose De Gregorio et al. stated that the fluctuation of oil prices had adverse impact on the economy. (M. Anandan, S. Ramaswamy and S. Sridhar, 2013) Besides, depreciation in the currency will subsequently lead to the people to buy lesser goods with the same amount of money they hold. This case can be defines as a decrease in the purchasing power of currency. This journal has mentioned that India is considered as one of the largest market in the world that does not have any monetary policy framework to help to control the market. This is why the India always faces inflation after a financial crisis. There is no initiative taken by India to handle the inflation brought by the financial crisis which will lower down the currency of the country. People will now start to demand fewer rupees and consider investing in other country’s currency. (Zainab Mulla, 2014) There is a strong pressure on the Rupee currency which is caused by the strong demand of US dollar. This will lead to a major impact of inflation. The Rupee depreciation will make India to produce competitive goods in global market which will bring benefit for India’s exports. The exporters gain advantages as the abroad exported goods return more Rupees which are translated from dollar to Rupees. As a result, there is a relationship between Rupees depreciation and the inflation. (Deepa Divakaran.N and Dr.G.S.Gireeshkumar, 2014) According to Kamiar Mohaddes Mehdi Raissi (2014), the inflation could lower the growth by reducing the productivity and investment. Barro stated that there is a strong evidence for the negative impact of inflation on growth. Besides, the journal stated the inflation-growth relationship is highly non-linear. Besides, Khan and Senhadji stated that the inflation rate above the ‘threshold’ is negative and significant on growth whereas the inflation rate below the ‘threshold’ is positive and insignificant. Gillman and Kejak stated that the inflation and growth has surveyed by various models and resulting in generating a negative relationship between inflation and growth. De Gregorio and Gomme proved that the relationship between inflation and growth is non-linear which means the growth rate will be lower as the inflation rate increases. Based on AK and AH models, inflation play a role as tax on either physical capital or human capital. This will lead to the decrement of the growth rate. Akerlof et al. also stated the low inflation rate may have a positive relationship with output growth. This is because of low inflation causes the increment of productivity and resulting in higher growth. (Kamiar Mohaddes Mehdi Raissi, 2014) Discussion Crude oil is an input in the value added chain of most agricultural products such as machinery fuel, transport and fertilizers. The rising of crude oil price causes that the cost of production rises and the price of final product increase as well. Moreover, nowadays food products are common used in producing of biofuel energy based on environmental preoccupation. Therefore, the substitution of crude oil by food product to produce fossil fuel causes that the food product demand increases in the market. As a prove, we found the data from US Energy Information Administration and FAO which shows that the price of oil and food is positive relationship at year 2000 to 2010. When food inflation occurs, the wage rate will increases due to the productivity need to increase but supply of labour is limited in the market. By this, not only wage of labour will increase, but the income of producer in food sector also increase because of the windfall profits will raise higher than cost of production. It means that the citizen become richer and their demand of goods and services will increase as well through income effect. The increase of demand causes that it excess than supply in the market and then causes inflation occur. In order to prove that food inflation will affect nonfood inflation and aggregate inflation, there was a Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) analysis is done and shows that variation of food inflation contributes 54% of variation of nonfood inflation and 46% variation in aggregate inflation after 1 month of the shock. After 10 month, the variation of nonfood inflation decreases to 46% while the variation of aggregate inflation increa ses to 72%. (Sonna, October 2014) Over the years, the currency rate of Rupee to US Dollar is increasing each year. In year 2000, 1 USD can exchange for 45 Rs. However, in year 2013, the exchange rate has increased that 1 USD can exchange for 58.53 Rs. This causes the Rupee to depreciate its value due to the strong demand of US Dollar by the citizens. In order to prove the statement of Deepa Divakaran N and Dr G.S.Gireeshkumar, the major impact of inflation in India is caused by the peer pressure faced by Rupee currency as there are many people who demands US Dollar rather than holding Rupee. When the currency is facing depreciation, people will tend to hold other’s countries’ currency as Rupee has no more holding value. The demand for Rupee will drop and thus drives up the inflation. Cost-push inflation will occur when people now feel reluctant to spend their Rupee on normal goods and causes supply to be surplus and push the price to increase. Therefore, a drop in the currency of Rupee will affect inflation to happen. Throughout the research, we have figured out that the purchasing power for India is increasing linearly year by year since from year 1999 until now. Starting from year 1999, the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) is 1,805 Billion Dollar and for year 2014, it has increase to 7,277.3 Billion Dollar. This means that the purchasing power for India is getting bigger and bigger every year. As GDP grows, there will be more transaction happen daily and this will lead to an increase in the demand of Rupee. Thus, it will help to raise the exchange rate of Rupee to other country’s currencies. This will result in the increase of purchasing power of Indians’. When the nation’s GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) increases, the exchange rate of Rupee to other country’s currency will decrease and this caused the import fee to decrease as well. This causes more and more transaction will occur because the export fee is lower compared to the older time and this can help to drive up th e country’s GDP. In order to prove the statement of Zainab Mulla, when the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) in year 1999 is still at a lower stage, the citizens can barely afford to buy breads with 60Rs. However for year 2014, the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) increase drastically, making the purchasing power of Rupee to increase. As a result, now they can afford to buy few types of bread with 60Rs. This shows that Rupee in year 2014 has more value than year 1999 because we can buy more stuff with 60Rs over 15 years. When the purchasing power of citizens increases, they will tend to spend more money rather than keeping it because they can get more goods with the current value. This action also can help to increase the country’s GDP. On the other hand, the decrease in the price of the crude oil also becomes one of the catalysts in the economic growth in India. Crude oil as the largest internationally traded items will have an abrupt changes in economic if there are any changes in the price for the oil exporting and importing countries. This can be seen when the economic growth of India had shown a decrease sign from year 2010 to year 2013, which is decrease from 10.3% to 5.0%. This is because of the recent crude oil price has increased from 3,463Rs in year 2010 to 6,415Rs in year 2013. The increment in the price of crude oil will affect inflation to happen if the government chooses to absorb the burden by increasing the price of other petroleum products. In order to prove the statement of Gillman and Kejak, when the price of crude oil increase, the growth of the country will decrease as the petroleum-based products will have them increase in the price which causes the consumers will try to consumer less of these products. When these products have a low demand, the supply will be overloaded and then leading to the output production level of the factory drop. Hence, the whole economic growth will be stalled. Conclusion In the nutshell, there are many causes and effect that are brought by inflation. It is undeniable that inflation is not favor in the country as it brings a lot of negative effect and will drag the growth of country. However, we could not avoid inflation from happening in a country. What we can do is just try to minimize the impact bring by the inflation. One of the solutions to curb the inflation problem is by selling bonds to the non-residential investors of the country. As we know that the poverty of Indians is very serious, the residents have less money to afford the bond sold by the government. Hence, the government should make the bond available to the investors from other country which can afford it so that there is more money inflow to the country so that the government has more money to circulate the daily money flow of money. Other than that, the government should implement some policy that makes them to be less dependent to the import industry. They should encourage more export activities because they can earn more money when the exchange rate of Rupee drops. Incentives should be given in order to encourage this action. In addition to the above, the government can also control the price of oil and give subsidies for the crude oil. By controlling the price of oil, all the petroleum-based products will also have their price controlled because they do not have to share the burden of increased price of oil. This will subsequently keep the inflation rate to remain under the threshold and will not cause any major problem to the economic growth of India. Last but not least, if the entire precaution steps have been taken to handle inflation problem, we can surely minimize the impact that bring by inflation.

Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper

The Yellow Wallpaper: Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women Have you ever been locked in a dark closet? You grope about trying to feel the doorknob, straining to see a thin beam of light coming from underneath the door. As the darkness consumes you, you feel as if you will suffocate. There is a sensation of helplessness and hopelessness. Loneliness, caused by oppression, is like the same darkness that overtakes its victim. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in "The Yellow Wallpaper," recounts the story of a young mother who travels to a summer home to "rest" from her nervous condition. Her bedroom is an old nursery covered with ugly, yellow wallpaper. The more time she spends alone, the more she becomes obsessed with the wallpaper's patterns. She begins to imagine a woman behind bars in the paper. Finally, she loses her sanity and believes that she is the woman in the wallpaper, trying to escape. In "The Yellow Wallpaper," Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses setting and symbolism to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness (in women) that can lead to a deadly form of insanity. Gilman uses setting to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness that can lead to insanity. Gilman's young mother describes the nursery bedroom "with windows that ... [are] barred for little children" (426). In the above passage, the barred windows seem to intensify her oppression, and her perception that she is being imprisoned. Gilman also uses the young woman's description of the summer home to express her feeling of being all alone. "It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of Eng... ...chniques that Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to suggest that a type of loneliness (in women) caused by imprisoning oppression can lead to the deadliest form of insanity. By using setting, Gilman shows how the barred windows intensifies the young woman's imprisoning oppression, the isolated summer home represents the loneliness the young woman feels, and her hallucinations of the wallpaper pattern indicates her transition to insanity. Wallpaper symbolism is used throughout the story the pattern representing the strangling nature of the imprisoning oppression, the fading yellow color showing the fading away of the young woman, and the hovering smell representing the deadly insanity to which she succumbs. Like the darkness that quickly consumes, the imprisoning loneliness of oppression swallows its victim down into the abyss of insanity.

White Heat :: essays papers

White Heat White Heat clearly belongs within Shatzs category of genres of order. How far do you agree with this statement? This is an exiting essay to write for a number of reasons. For one it is an honour to follow in the footsteps of Raul Walsh understanding the motivations that brought him to direct White Heat in the way he did it. For another reason is wonderful having the possibility to describe it through the Shatz^s module that can describe perfectly every aspect of a selected movie. Because it is essentially a narrative system, a film genre can be examined in terms of its fundamental structural components: plot, character, setting, thematics and so on. Shatz divided Hollywood film genres in two main categories, these are distinguished by completely different characteristics. As he said: ^Each genre represents a distinct problem-solving strategy that repeatedly addresses basic cultural contradictions^ (Shatz, 1948: 34). He defined certain genres like screwball comedy, family melodrama, musical and so on as rites of integration. Those films are centred upon a doubled or collective her! o set into a ^civilised^ space, the main problems are emotional and the resolution is always by love. Other genres centred on an individual male such as Western, gangster, detective, etc. appertain to the genre of order category. The protagonist (individual male) ^is the focus of dramatic conflicts within a setting of contested, ideologically instable space. Conflicts within these genres are externalised, translated into violence, and usually resolved through the elimination of some threat to the social order^ (Shatz, 1948: 34). At the end of the film the protagonist always leaves the contested space either by his departure or death and he always maintains his individuality and he doesn^t learn about values and lifestyle of the community. The principal thematics within this genre are the mediation-redemption, the male macho code, isolated self-reliance and utopia-as-promise. White Heat is a classic gangster and was directed, as I said, by Raul Walsh in 1949. It stands at the crux between the 1930^s gangster movies and the post^war film noir. The plot is briefly this: James Cagney plays Cody Jarrett, a psychotic who dreams of being on "top of the world". Inadvertently leaving clues behind after a railroad heist, Jarrett becomes the target of federal agents, which send an undercover agent (O^Brien) to infiltrate the Jarrett gang. While Cody sits in prison on a deliberately trumped-up charge (he confesses to one crime to provide him an alibi for the railroad robbery), he befriends Fallon (O^Brien), who poses as a hero-worshipping hood who's always wanted to work with Jarrett. Busting out of prison with Fallon, Jarrett regroups his gang to mastermind a

Emily Dickinsons Because I could not stop for death :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for death" and " I heard a fly buzz when I died", are remarkable masterpieces that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. Critics call Emily Dickinson"s poems masterpieces with strange " haunting powers". In Dickinson's poems " Because I could not stop for death" and " I heard a fly buzz when I died" are created less than a year apart by the same poet. Both poems talk about death and the impression in the tone and symbols that exudes creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone in Dickinson's poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives-"slowly: and "passed"-to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, "We slowly drove- He knew no haste/ ...We passed the school.../ We passed the setting sun," sets a slow quiet, calm, and dreamy atmosphere (5, 9, 11, 12). "One thing that impresses us," one author wrote, " is the remarkable placidity, or composure, of its tone" (Greenberg 128). The tone in Dickinson"s poems will put its readers ideas on a unifying track heading towards a buggling atmosphere. Dickinson's masterpieces lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poems. Besides the literal significance of the "school," Gazing Grain," "Setting Sun," and the "Ring" much is gathered to complete the poem's central idea. Emily brought to light the mysteriousness of the life's'cycle. Ungraspable to many, the cycle of one's'life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. These three stages are recognized by Mary N. Shawn as follows: "School, where children strove" (9). Because it deals with an important symbol, the "Ring" this first scene is perhaps the most important . One author noted that "the children, at recess, do not play as one would expect them to but strive" (Monteiro 20). In addition, at recess the children performed a venerable ritual, perhaps known to all, in a ring. This ritual is called "Ring-a-ring-a-roses," and is recited: Ring-a ring-a-roses, A pocket full of posies; Hush! hush! hush! hush! We're all tumble down. (qtd. In Greenaway 365) Monteiro made the discovery and concluded that "For indeed, imbedded in their ritualistic game is a reminder of the mortal stakes that the poet talks about elsewhere" (21). On this invited journey, one vividly sees the "Children" playing, laughing, and singing.

Andy Warhol- Pop Culture

Pop Culture Spring 2010 Prof. Howell Andy Warhol â€Å"Pop Art is an art movement in the U. S. in the 1950’s and reached its peak of activity in the 1960’s, chose as its subject matter the anonymous, everyday, standardized, and banal iconography in American life, as comic strips, billboards, commercial products, and celebrity images and dealt with them typically in such form as outsize commercially smooth paintings, mechanically reproduced silk-screens, large-scale facsimiles, and soft sculptures†(Dictionary). While looking up the definition of Pop Art, Dictionary. om tells you â€Å"see also Andy Warhol. † Andy Warhol defined Pop Art. Warhol was a twentieth- century American artist who took simple consumer objects and took them to the level of art. Warhol is best known for his â€Å"precise, enlarged image of Campbell’s tomato soup†(Dictionary). In the book called Andy Warhol: prince of pop written by Jan Greenberg and Sandra Jordan, they st ated, â€Å"The work created by Andy Warhol elevated everyday images to art, ensuring Warhol a fame that has far outlasted the 15 minutes he predicted for everyone else. He not only produced iconic art that blended high and popular culture; he also made controversial films, starring his entourage of the beautiful and outrageous; he launched Interview, a slick magazine that continues to sell today; and he reveled in leading the vanguard of New York’s hipster lifestyle. Warhol’s rise, from poverty to wealth, from obscurity to status as a Pop icon, is an absorbing tale-one in which the American dream of fame and fortune is played out in all of its success and its excess. No artist of the late 20th century took the pulse of his time- and ours-better than Andy Warhol. † Pop Art influenced popular culture and mass media during the twentieth-century and well into the beginning of the twenty-first-century and no other artists has defined it as well as Warhol. Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1928. â€Å"He was a physically and p psychologically fragile from boyhood and insecure about his freakish appearance and his homosexuality. He was emotionally hapless and sexually timid, terrified of Practically everything†( Puente). In 1945, Warhol went to Carnegie Institute of Technology where he majored in pictorial design. After college, he moved to New York City and landed a job as a commercial artist, where he worked as an illustrator for several magazines, such as Bazaar, Vogue, and the New Yorker. He also did window displays for retail stores. Throughout the 1950’s Warhol won several commendations from the Art Directors club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts and in 1952, he had his first individual show at the Hugo Gallery, showing drawings based on the writings of Truman Capote (Andy). Warhol couldn’t figure out how to break through, so he â€Å"pestered his friends and art-world contacts for ideas. For fifty dollars a gallery owner suggested the can’s of Campbell’s soup†(Puente), which is now one of his signature styles. In the 1960’s Warhol created several paintings that remain icons of the twentieth century, such has Campbell’s Soup Cans, Disasters, and Marilyn’s. Warhol also made several 16mm films, which are underground classics. In 1968, Valerie Solanis, walked into Warhol’s studio and shot him, the attack was almost fatal. Warhol focused on his paintings during the 1970’s. The artist began the 1980’s with the publication of POPism: The Warhol ‘60s and with exhibitions of portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century and the Retrospectives and Reversal series†(Andy). After routine gall bladder surgery, Warhol died on February 22nd, 1987. Warhol is one of the most influential artist s of the twentieth century. David Horowitz states in his book, The Peoples Voice: a populist Cultural History of Modern America, that â€Å"Just as some elements of the counterculture expressed hostility to the market, pop art practitioners sought to incorporate the materials of ordinary life into painting and printmaking†(Horowitz). Realism and naturalism were new movements in America during the twentieth century, but modernism and its boost of art to a new level of self-reliance created a new art that summarized the mindset of people and not the physical description of them. Americans moved from rural areas to urban areas that embodied their social position and this was shown in modernist’s artwork. Warhol took modernism and its assumptions and altered them to his perspective. Warhol made people think what exactly is art? what is an artist? And he changed how art should be displayed. Warhol challenged the modernist perspective and became one of the most recognized artists from the century because of it. Horowitz also explained, â€Å"using commonly available media like vinyl, Plexiglas, and neon, Warhol elevated consumer objects to the level of art. The legendary figure built a cottage industry around widely disseminated silkscreen replicas of soup and soda cans and images of Marilyn Monroe, winning praise as an egalitarian commemorator of everyday life and a rebel against the elitist art establishment. † Andy Warhol has been dead for twenty-three years but his artwork is still popular everywhere. In Maria Puente’s article, â€Å"Andy Warhol is popping up all over the place† she talks about how Warhol’s pop art collections as productive as ever; â€Å"His face stares at shoppers from Gap store windows. His artwork speeds down slopes on snowboards and embellishes Levi’s jeans, Royal Elastics shoes and Diane von Furstenberg’s upcoming swimsuits. Pop culture fans sport Warhol jewelry and watches. Spritz Warhol perfumes on pulse points and hang Warhol handbags from their shoulders. Enthusiasts can even furnish their homes with Warhol- from rugs to dinner plates to bed linens. † I think that Andy Warhol changed how art was viewed in the twentieth century and his artwork has been so popular it is still an ideal most people recognize. In the twentieth century people went saw his artwork in museums and in magazines, now his artwork is on clothing items, posters, dinner plates, cards, pins, and everything you can think of. I mean on of his original self-portraits was for sale in November for over one million dollars. If one of his many self-portraits can sell for over one million dollars means his artwork had a huge impact on the culture. Andy Warhol was a leading figure in the Pop Art movement. â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Can, a later, enlarged, and isolated version of the tomato soup can, conveys the erroneous impression that Warhol was out solely to apotheosize the idiom of popular culture† (Honnef). America’s social effects were equally important to Warhol. â€Å"What made American fabulous, he once explained, was that it established a tradition in which the richest consumers basically bought the same products as the poorest. You could watch television and drink a Coca Cola and you knew the president drank Coke, Liz Taylor drank Coke, and there you were drinking Coke. A Coke was a Coke, concluded Warhol, and no amount of money could buy you a better one†(Honnef). That insight explains why Warhol set out to achieve something similar in his work of art. He used standardized production to infuse art with the â€Å"magic of the perpetually same†(Honnef). Andy Warhol enriched the world by providing us with and idol from the world of art. Warhol was an artist of his time. He was a pop artist who saw contemporary art and the art world move to a new era. Warhol was â€Å"in fact a producer of a software for a form of art which paralleled the social system†( Honnef). Warhol reacted to the challenges of his time and gave a new dimension to the world of art. His art had its subversive features, for it uncovered the hidden mechanisms of the modern industrial, the society, and it exposed connections that were normally only visible through depth. Works Cited â€Å"Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts†. March 2009. Web. 3 March 2010. . â€Å"Dictionary. com. † January 2010. Web. 24 March 2010. . Greenberg, Jan and Jordan, Sandra. Andy Warhol: Prince of Pop. New York: Delacorte Press, 2004 Honnef, Klaus. WARHOL. Taschen: 2007. Horowitz, David. The Peoples Voice: A Populist Cultural History of Modern America. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan Publishing, 2008. Puente, Maria. â€Å"Andy Warhol’s genius, eccentricities just ‘Po p’. † USA Today. 11 December 2009. Final ed. Puente, Maria. â€Å"Andy Warhol is popping up all over the place. † USA Today. 1 April 2008. Final ed.

The Survey of Adult Education

kiransielts. blogspot. com 1 IELTS GRAPHS Cambridge 1 stress 1 The maps down the stairs arrange out the results of a suss out(a) of big education. The understandtime map demonst centimeimeer the reasons why adults nail to interpret. The pie map shows how wad think the address of adult education should be sh bed. economise a declargon for a university proofreader, describing the mature workforcet shown at a dismount place. How the cost of each inception of business should be packetd I am freeing to describe dickens represents. The bar represent shows the reasons why adults choose to consume and the pie charts show how the adults think the cost of each persist should be shargond.From the bar chart it is fool that the important reasons why adults opted for higher(prenominal)(prenominal) cable television dish up of business were beca usance of bullys and services of evoke in subject and to gain qualifications. al to the highest degree 4 0% gave this reason in the survey. Approximately 20% after partvas advertise because it was helpful for their present job and to cleanse their prospects of promotion. The equivalent sh rangege in any case studied because they enjoyed containing. almost 12 % chose to study to be sui control panel to change jobs and the l vitamin E 9% studied sound to meet b ar-ass people. From the pie chart we disregard infer that the individuals themselves precious to authorize further 40% of their fees for higher education.They wanted the employer to set down 35% and the taxpayer to spend 25% of their course fees. This ends my level. 9 12 20 20 22 38 40 0 10 20 30 40 To meet people To able to change jobs Enjoy learn / studying To improve prospects of promotion facilitative for current job To gain qualifications reside in subject % Individual, 40% Taxpayer, 25% Employer, 35% kiransielts. blogspot. com 2 Cambridge 1 hear 2 The draw shows how the Australian function of Meteo rology collects up-to-the-minute selective tuition on the stomach in order to ready reliable prognosiss. compile a deal for a university referee, describing the entropy shown to a lower place.The aband geniusd furnish represent exemplifys the work of la bear witness schooling on the weather so as to produce dependable forecasts. It is f either from the interpret that brinyly quaternion steps argon involved in the process. The graduation exercise compass point in the process is the collection of the entering tuition. This po extiometer be done with the satellite, radar and the drifting buoy. The entropy is stash a track on the satellite photo, radar hide and the synoptic chart. any this is and so analysed for forecasting and fed into the computer. Fin e genuinely last(predicate)y it is broadcast on radio, telecast on TV and communicated as a recorded announce work forcet done the phone.So, it shadower be seen that to produce authorized forecasts the data is collected through mixed ejaculates, analysed and fin e very(prenominal) last(predicate)y broadcast so that we commode know onwardhand what sort of weather we postulate to face in the end upual climax yrs. kiransielts. blogspot. com 3 Cambridge 1 rill 3 The chart on a lower floor shows the follow of property per calendar hebdomad exhausted on straightaway feeds in Britain. The interpret shows the foreshor decenniums in habit of profligate nourishments. economise a composing for a university referee describing the cultivation down the stairs. outgo on closely foods by income groups white plague of fast foods 1970-1990 ii interprets are attached. The newspaper tugboat chart depicts the pulmonary tuberculosis on fast foods by contrary income groups in Britain and the line interpretical record shows the trends in enjoy workforcet of fast foods from 1970 to 1990. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably to a greater e x got fast foods than the most oppo invest income groups. They washed-out to a greater extent than in devil ways as a disseminate on hamburgers (43 pence per psyche per week) as on angle and chips or pizza ( twain downstairs 20 pence). mediocre income earners fatigued 33 pence per nigh(prenominal)body per week on hamburgers, which was the level best they spent on any disposed(p) fast food.This was followed by look for and chips at 24 pence, thus pizza at 11 pence per individual per week. Low income earners spent lowly than early(a) income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips re primary(prenominal)s their more(prenominal)(prenominal) or slight usual fast food, followed by hamburgers and consequently pizza. From the line interpret we stub see that in 1970, fish and chips were the most frequent fast food where as burgers and pizza were the to the lowest degree popular fast food at that measure. The enjoyment of hamburgers and pizza go up s teady anyplace the 20 course of instruction peak to 1990 go the purpose of fish and chips declined everywhere that equal finish. at that place was a pure development in popularity from 1985 to 1990. This ends my field of study. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 High Income just Income Low Income Pence per person per week Hamburgers weight and Chips Pizza kiransielts. blogspot. com 4 Cambridge 1 try out 4 Chorleywood is a colony just nigh London whose state has change magnitude steady since the middle of the nineteenth century. The map downstairs shows the development of the vill get along. The map shows the development of Chorleywood vill era in amid 1868 and 1994. Chorleywood park and play coast lies in the centre of layout.To the southward- important of this is the Chorleywood station. To the south of the Chorleywood Park, the sablely shaded battlefield is demonstrable in amongst 1922 and 1970. The horizont on the wholey shaded area more or less the s tation is certain in amongst 1883 and 1922. It posterior be seen from the interpretical recordical record that the area north of Chorleywood station and the western hemisphere of Chorleywood park and the golf course developed in among 1868 and 1883. The north, south and east of the Chorleywood Park, which is the diagonally shaded area, developed in mingled with 1970 and 1994. We stop assume from the map that on the west and north of Chorleywood Park and olf course, the nefariousness line represents the briny roads which maneuver from north to south and west to east. On the east of Chorleywood Park and the golf course runs the motor way, which was built in 1970. The railroad line south of Chorleywood Park and the golf course was built in 1909. It tidy sum be seen in that respect has been development close to Chorleywood station and along the motorway which runs from south to north. We tpetroleumetteful arrive at induction that in that respect has been a considerable development in the village Chorleywood during the accomplishment of 1970 to 1994. kiransielts. blogspot. com 5 Cambridge 2 raise 1The set impale downstairs shows the consumer durable goods (telephone, refrigerator, etc) possess in Britain from 1972 to 1983. relieve a address for a university reviewer describing the data stipulation down the stairs Consumer durables 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 per centums of dwellingholds with Central passion 38 43 48 52 55 59 60 64 Television 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 television set 18 Vacuum cleaner 87 89 92 92 93 94 95 Refrigerator 73 81 88 91 92 93 93 94 process machine 66 68 71 75 74 78 79 80 Dishwasher 3 3 4 4 5 bid 42 50 54 60 67 75 76 77The turn oern tabula bear bedecks the serving of British familyholds who owned a range of consumer durables surrounded by 1972 and 1983. It is clean-cut from the chart that this component change magnitude oer the days. The superlative summation was in telephone self- command, cost attach from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. Next was the central modify ownership, rising from 37% of swingowshipholds in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The contri exactlyion of mansions with a refrigerator rose by 21% over the same period and of those with a washout machine by 14%. Households with emptiness-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers change magnitude by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively.In 1983, the course of study of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder. over the period the ratio of British houses with central heating duplicate and of those with a phone increased from chthonic(a) a half to over ternary-quarters. on that point were in addition big increases in the ownership of washing machines and refrigerators, which suggests rising existent standards of the British people over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 6 Cambridge 2 Test 2 The chart at a lower place shows the amount of empty succession enjoyed by men and women of va rious trading lieu. import a report for a university lecturer describing the schooling shown downstairs. Leisure time in a ordinary week by sex and involvement status, 1989-99 The disposed towboat represent illustrates the hours of leisure time enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-99, according to sex and employment status. Among those use full-time, men on sightly had a itsy-bitsy less than l hours of leisure, whereas women had virtually thirty-eight hours. thither were no figures wedded for male part-time workers, exclusively female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time.This get was or so more than women in full-time employment. In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for twain sexes. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time just intimately eighty hours, equalityd with seventy some(prenominal) hours for women. Housewives enjoyed some fifty- dickens hours of leisure, on comely. There were no figures g iven for men (househusbands). Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at to the lowest degree(prenominal) cardinal hours of extra leisure time. 47 0 81 80 0 38 40 72 72 52 0. 00 0. 00 40. 00 60. 00 80. 00 hundred. 00 Hours of leisure time Males Females kiransielts. blogspot. com 7 Cambridge 2 scrutiny 3 The depression chart to a lower place shows the results of a survey which sampled a cross- subsection of deoxycytidine monophosphate,000 people asking if they endureled over sea and why they dieled for the period 1994-98. The gage chart shows their destinations over the same period. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the nurture shown infra. VISITS foreign BY UK RESIDENTS BY PURPOSE OF VISIT (1994-98) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 vacation 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700 Business ,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957 Visits to friends and relatives 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181 opposite reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990 TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828 DESTINATIONS OF VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY MAIN part (1994-98) Western europium North the States separate areas TOTAL 1994 19,371 919 1,782 22,072 1995 18,944 914 1,752 21,610 1996 21,877 1,167 1,905 24,949 1997 23,661 1,559 2,227 27,447 1998 24,519 1,823 2,486 28,828 The given carry overs illustrate the reasons why U. K. residents visited afield and the countries they visited among 1994 and 1998.The data is based on a survey conducted on coke,000 people. According to statistical Information, the primary(prenominal) reason for blending abroad was holidays, business, and visits to friends and relatives. Indeed, at that place was a stabilise increase in the occur of holiday pretendrs. While in 1996 on that point were close to 17,896 who travelled abroad, in 1998 in that respect were 20,700 of them. locomotion for business to a fault increased from 3155 travellers in 1994 to 3957 t ravellers in 1994. travelling abroad for visiting friends and relatives showed a steady Increase over the period.While there were around 2,628 travellers in 1995, the keep down increased to 3,181 in 1998. The phone issue forth of people who travelled for an separate(prenominal) reasons non mentioned in the graphical recordical record showed fluctuations. There was in like manner a change in the destinations which people preferred for travelling. Western atomic number 63 was the most popular destination. In 1994, just 19,371 of the sample preferred to spend their holiday in that primary(prenominal) region. There was an increase to 24,519 in 1998. North America and an opposite(prenominal)wisewise areas also appeared favourable. In 1996, there were 1,167 red to North America and 1,905 to other(a) areas.These come increased to 1,823 and 2,486 respectively. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 8 Cambridge 2 test 4 The table below shows the figures for bondage in quintet countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. The given column graph illustrates the figures for custody in Great Britain, Australia, bran-new Zea subvert, get together States and Canada from 1930 to 1980. It is solve from the graph that there is considerable fluctuation in the figures for im prisonment from terra firma to countrified.In Great Britain the poem in prison have increased steadily from 30 000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. On the other hand, in Australia, and particularly in spic-and-span Zea trim the numbers down markedly from 1930 to 1940. Since hence they increased gradually and carry throughed 50,000 and roughly 85,000 for Australia and New Zealand respectively. Canada is the completely country in which the numbers in prison reduced over the fifty class period, although there were fluctuations in this trend. The figures for the United States depict the great number of priso ners compared to the other four countries.The prison macrocosm in the United States increased very rapidly from 1970 to 1980. This ends my report. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 one hundred forty 160 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 in chiliads Great Britain Australia New Zealand United States Canada kiransielts. blogspot. com 9 Cambridge 3 task 1 ( akin in Official sensibles ) The charts below show the number of japanese tourists travelling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australias grapple of the Japanese tourist commercialize. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. In this report I am scarcelyton to describe a column graph and a line graph.The column graph shows the number, in one one trillion one thousand million million million millions, of Japanese tourists visiting other countries from 1985 to 1995 and the line graph shows the percentage of those Japanese tourists visiting Australia over the same period. The column graph crystalli sely shows an upward trend in the number of Japanese tourists. This number was most 5 million in the class 1985 and reached 15 million by the category 1995. This number trebled over the decade. There were, however, minor fluctuations over the period. It is sportsmanlike from the line graph that Australia got 2% share of Japans tourist market. This umber also grew 3 multiplication and by 1995, reached 6% with some minor ups and downs in between. It end be concluded that Australias share of Japans tourist market grew comparably over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 10 Cambridge 3 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount spent on sextet consumer goods in four European countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The given bar graph shows the amount of money the Germans, Italians, French and the British spend on consumer goods much(prenominal)(prenominal) as personal stereos, tennis racquets, perfumes, CDs, toys and photographi c dashs.It is clear from the graph that Britain spends most heavily on the range of consumer goods include. In every case, British spend more than other countries. However, in the case of tennis racquets another country, Italy, spends almost the same. In contrast, Germany is asteriskly the lowest spender. This is most evident in photographic film, where Germany spends oft generation less than Britain. However, in tennis racquets and perfumes, Germany spends more than France. Mean p down, France and Italy generally maintain middle positions. France spends more on CDs and photographic film nevertheless less on tennis racquets than Italy does.Italys using up on personal stereos is and marginally greater than that of France, bandage spend on toys is equal between the twain. It is clear from the data given that there are some instauration-shaking varietys in wasting disease habits within Europe. 100 120 140 160 180 Photographic film Toys CDs Perfume Tennis racquets Persona l stereos gravitational constant pounds sterling Germany Italy France Britain kiransielts. blogspot. com 11 Cambridge 3 test 3 The charts below show the levels of elaborateness in education and science in maturement and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. ordinary geezerhood of training Scientists and technicians per thousand people Spending on look for and development The cardinal column graphs illustrate the bonnie old age of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and the spend on research and development in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much(prenominal) higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990.People in developing nations attended school for an amount o f around 3 course of studys, with scarcely a s lightheaded increase in categorys of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from or so 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled from a little over 40 to most 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also see rapid growth in these countries, attain $350 gazillion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in eveloping countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending savage from virtually $50 billion to altogether $25 billion. This ends my report. 0 2 4 6 8 10 1980 1990 years of schooling Developing countries industrialise countries 0 20 40 60 80 1980 1990 Per thousand people Developing countries industrialise countries 0 100 200 ccc 400 1980 1990 US $ billions Developing countries Industrialised countries kiran sielts. blogspot. com 12 Cambridge 3 Test 4 The graph below shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between manifest 1993 and shew 1999.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below The given line graph compares the unemployment rates between U. S. and Japan from March 93 to March 99. It can be seen from the graph that the unemployment rates in Japan increased over the period whereas that of America mitigated over the period. In March, 1993, United States had seven percent of unemployed workforce which was three quantify more than that of Japan, where 2. 5% were unemployed. However, the unemployment rate in United States began declining slowly since March 1993, and reached 5% mark in the middle of 1996.Japans unemployment rate, however, doubled in three years. From consequently on, the percentage of unemployed workforce in United States remained roughly the same at near 5% until March 99, although there were minor fluctuations in the unemployment rate. As for Japan, the percentage of unemployed grew steadily but with fluctuations to reach 5. 0% in March 1999. The major conclusion that can be pinched using the graph, is that number of unemployed in regular army slackd by just somewhat 2. 0% in the course of sextet years, while in Japan it very increased by 2. 5% percent. As a result, in March 99, both Japan and U. S. ad about 5% of their work force unemployed. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 13 Cambridge 4 AC Task 1 The graph below shows the demand for electrical energy in England during typical days in spend and pass. The pie chart shows how electricity is utilise in an average slope home. summarize the information by selecting and inform the main touts, and engage comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the quotidian demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer while the pie chart outlines how electricity is taken into use in an average English household.From the graph, it is evident that the daily demand for electricity is generally more in winter than in summer. The consumption of electricity fluctuates at an average level of 40,000 units in winter. The least demand for electricity is at about 7 am and after that, it increases steadily and peaks at nearly 10 pm after which it over once again falls at midnight. As for summer, the demand for electricity is just under 20,000 units throughout the day. It gets to its peak at 2 pm 10 pm and bottoms at 9 am. The pie chart illustrates that 52. % of electricity is apply for heating rooms and weewee supply. Around 17. 5% of electricity is pull up stakesd for ovens, kettles, washing machines. 15% each is apply for lighting, TV, radio and for vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 14 Cambridge 4 AC task 2 The table below shows the similarity of different categories of families nutriment in poverty in Australia in 1999. add up the information by selecting and describe the main features, and trade name comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.Family pillowcase dimension of people from each household type living in poverty wholeness older person 6% (54,000) ancient couple 4% (48,000) hotshot, no children 19% (359,000) couple, no children 7% (211,000) sole prove 21% (232,000) couple with children 12% (933,000) all households 11% (1,837,000) The given table illustrates the sectionalization of the different type of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost dickens million people, were in this position.However, those consisting of unaccompanied one parent or a single adult had almost double this simile of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively. Couples without children generally tended to be better glowering with whole 7% in poverty whereas those with children were 12% . It is notic eable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average symmetry were living in poverty at this time. former(a) people were generally less believably to be poor, though once again the trend favoured venerable couples ( besides(prenominal) 4%) preferably than single elderly people (6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more in all prob efficiency to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. kiransielts. blogspot. com 15 Cambridge 4 AC task 3 The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999. add the information by selecting and coverage the main features, and manage comparisons where relevant. Post-school qualifications in Australia according to gender 1999 The given bar graph gives information about the percentage of men and women ho held different levels of post-school qualifications in Austra lia in 1999. It is clear that gender differences were more enounce in some fields than others. We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest difference was at the lowest post-school level, where 90% men held a skilled vocational honeyskin compared with only 10% women. By contrast, more women held undergrad diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Masters graduates. consequently we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelors degree, however. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Masters degree graduate(prenominal) d iploma Bachelors degree Undergraduate diploma Skilled vocational diploma % Females Males iransielts. blogspot. com 16 Cambridge 4 test 4 The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. tell the information by selecting and inform the main features, and coif comparisons where relevant. Visits to and from the UK Most popular countries visited by UK residents 1999 Two graphs are given. The line graph shows data on the number of visits abroad by British people and visits from abroad residents to the UK, while the bar chart provides the figures of the popular countries chosen by UK residents to travel to.It is clear from the graph that the visits do by UK residents are more than the visits make to the UK by abroad residents. The trend for overseas visitors climbed steadily over the period of 20 years, from 10 million visits in 1979 to over 25 million in 1999. On the other hand, the visits made by t he British had a significant increase of 41 million trips in the same period, from 11 million to 52 million. In 1999, over 12 million UK residents visited France, which was the most popular country of all, while a lesser number (9 million) of travellers went to Spain.Visitors from other countries such as the the States, Greece, and flop had more or less 9 million visitors altogether. 0 5 10 15 Franc e Spain USA Greec e Turke y Millions of UK visitors kiransielts. blogspot. com 17 Cambridge 5 Test 1 The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is plan for the town. The map shows cardinal possible sites for the supermarket. Summarise the information by selecting and inform the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given picture graph shows both potential sites for a supermarket that is p dance bandted there.Both sites have their pros and cons. The first potential place (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just withdraw the main roa d to the town of Hindon which is 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a peck of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the rail line line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially bragging(a) number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for topical anesthetic residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surround towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult. Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of town site (S1) would probably pop the question more advantages. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 18 Cambridge 5 test 2The table below gives information about the ohmic resistance railroad track carcasss in vi cities. Summarise the information by selecting and describe the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Underground railroad line systems City Date opened Kilometres of passage Passengers per year (in millions) London 1863 394 775 Paris 1900 199 1191 capital of Japan 1927 155 1927 wash drawington DC 1976 126 gross Kyoto 1981 11 45 Los Angeles 2001 28 50 The given table illustrates data about the electrical resistance railway systems in 6 cities which are London, Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto and Los Angeles.London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 147 years old. Paris is the second oldest, which was opened in the year 1900. This was so followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railwa y system, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size, London has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in nub, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system.It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London. Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometres of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 million passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year. Overall it can be seen that, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the site of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. iransielts. blogspot. com 19 Cambridge 5 test 3 The graph below shows the proportion of population aged 65 and ov er between 1940 1nd 2040 in three different countries. Summarise the information .. The given line graph illustrates the proportion of 65+ year olds in Japan, Sweden and U. S. A. from 1940 to the present time with a prediction till 2040. Overall, it can be seen from the graph that in all three countries, the percentage of elderly people is expected to increase by the year 2040. In 1940, the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, round 7% in Sweden and 9% in the U.S. However, while the figures for U. S. A. and Sweden grew to about 15% in 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2. 5% for much of this period before rising to almost 5% again at the present time. It is expected that, the proportion of the elderly will insure to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A most outstanding increase is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is projected that the proportion of the elderly will be similar to all the three countr ies. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 20 Cambridge 5 test 4The charts below show the main reasons for study among schoolchilds of different age groups and the amount of put forward they received from their employers. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Two column graphs are given. The first column graph shows the proportion of people of different age groups who studied for travel or for interest. The second graph shows the amount of nurture they got from their employers in terms of time off or fees. From the first graph it is clear that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age.Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. but 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds study for career reasons. In contrast, the study because of interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr ol ds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the rootage of the quaternary decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.The second graph shows that employer post is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of career, and because increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-foc utilize study, but the highest level is for those students who chiefly study for career purposes. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % days Reasons for study according to age of student For career For interest 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % AgeEmployer support, by age group (Time off and help with fees ) kiransielts. blogspot. com 21 Cambridge 6 Test 1 The graph and table below give information about piddle use oecumenical and irrigate consumption in two different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. urine consumption in brazil nut and congou in 2000 Country Population Irrigated land Water consumption per person Brazil 176 million 26,500 km 2 359 m 3 Democratic Republic of congou 5. 2 million 100 km 2 8 m 3 A line graph and a table are given.The line graph shows the piddle employ general in industries, agriculture and in households from 1900 to 2000. The table shows the urine consumption in Brazil and congou in 2000. It is clear from the line graph that throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km? to around 3,000 km? in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increas ed, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km? , while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km? both out-of-the-way(prenominal) below the levels of consumption by agriculture. The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of congou in 2000. The amount of irrigated land in Brazil was 26,500 km? whereas that in the D. R. C. was only 100 km?. This means that a huge amount of water was used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person 359 m? compared with only 8 m? in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some countries.This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 22 Cambridge 6 test 2 The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Average outstrip in miles travelled per person per year by mode of travel 1985 2000 base on balls 255 237 Bicycle 51 41 cable car 3,199 4,806 Local bus 429 274 Long place bus 54 124 Train 289 366 machine politician 13 42 other(a) 450 585 All modes 4,740 6,475The given table demonstrates the different modes of travel in England in 15 years from 1985 to 2000. In general, some modes gained popularity while the others became less popular. The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long outgo buses, trains, taxis and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with their average miles change magnitude considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. The average miles cover by distance buses and taxis trebled over the period. Travelling on foot, by bicycles and by topical anesthetic anesthetic buses lost popularity in the one and a half decade.Average tra velling distance by topical anaesthetic buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, whilst the number of miles cover on foot and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 respectively. Despite the decreases, however, the full(a) miles travelled grew from 4,740 to 6,475. Overall, the make sense travelling distance in the country grew in 15 years. Cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and other modes of travel were more popular and walking, bicycling and topical anesthetic anesthetic transportation less popular. kiransielts. blogspot. com 23 Cambridge 6 test 3The diagrams below show the emotional state cycle of the silkworm and the spots in the turnout of silk cloth. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Two processes are given. The cyclical process shows the lifecycle of the silkworm. The linear process shows the proceeds of silk cloth. It can be seen from the first diagram that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. foremost of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to convey a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry tree leaves.This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk ramble around itself. later a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are used for the yieldion of silk cloth. First of all, they are b vegetable petroleumed in water and the threads can be separated by unwinding them. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long. The threads are then twisted together, dyed and at last used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process. kiransielts. blogspot. com 24 CAMBRIDGE 6 TEST 4 The charts below give information about USA sum and divorce rates betwee n 1970 and 2000, and the wed status of adult Americans in two of the years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Number of marriages and divorces in the U. S. A. 1970-2000 Marital status of adult Americans, 1970 and 2000The two bar charts compare the number of married and divorced people in USA over a span of 30 years from 1970 to 2000 and the overall marital status of US adults in 1970 and 2000. As can be seen from the first chart, over the period of 30 years, the number of marriages experienced a steady fall while the number of divorces fluctuated. To begin with, in 1970 and 1980, the number of marriages in USA stood at 2. 5 million. However, divorces were 1 million in 1970 and increased to 1. 4 million in 1980. There was a steady fall in the numbers of marriages after 1980 and the number reached 2 million by 2000. Divorces decreased slightly from 1. million in 1990 to 1 million in 2000. The year 1980 witness ed the greatest number of divorces and meanwhile, the number of divorces in 2000 drew even with that in 1970. As we look at the other chart, we see that the percentages of those who were never married increased from 14% to 20% and those who chose to end their marriages by divorce increased from 1% to 9% by 2000. In terms of the other two categories, namely, married and widowed, the figures for 1970 were higher than those for 2000. The percentage of married decreased from 70% to 60% and those widowed decreased from 6% to 5% over the years. This ends my report. 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 1970 1980 1990 2000 millions Marriages Divorces 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Never married MarriedWidowedDivorced Percentage of adults 1970 2000 kiransielts. blogspot. com 25 Cambridge 7 test 1 The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in quin different countries in 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant . Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category 2002 Country Food/Drinks/ baccy Clothing/Footwear Leisure/ preparation Ireland 28. 91% 6. 43% 2. 21% Italy 16. 6% 9. 00% 3. 20% Spain 18. 80% 6. 51% 1. 98% Sweden 15. 77% 5. 40% 3. 22% Turkey 32. 14% 6. 63% 4. 35% The given table illustrates the amount of money spent by the Irish, Italians, Spanish, Swedes and Turks on different items in 2002. Overall, it can be seen that people of all countries spent the maximum on food/drinks and tobacco and the minimum on leisure and education. The people of Turkey spent approximately a third of their income (32. 14%) on food, drink and tobacco which was closely followed by the people of Ireland at 28. 91%. The Italians, Spanish and Swedes spent 15-20 % on these items.The Italians outstripped all others in spending on clothing and footwear. They spent 9% on these items whereas all others spent between 5% and 7% on these items. All the countries spent the least amount on leisure and educat ion (less than 5%). However the Spanish spent below 2% on these which was the lowest among all. It can be said that in 2002, the consumer expenditure on various items had some similarities and some differences. kiransielts. blogspot. com 26 Cambridge 7 test 2 The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams). However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively.The consumption of fish also declined, but much less importantly to just below 50 grams. Therefore, although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, going that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 27 Cambridge 7 test 3The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage change in average house prices in five cities 1990-2002 compared with 1989 The given column graph illustrates the changes in average house prices in five different cities turn up in five different countries from 1990 to 2002 as compared to the prices in 1989. There were considerable variations in the average house prices over the period.During the period from 1990 to 1995, the average house prices fell importantly by 5% in New York(U. S. A. ), 7. 5% each in Tokyo(Japan) and London(U. K. ) whereas the average house prices increased slightly by 2% and 2. 5% in capital of Spain (Spain) and Frankfurt(Germany) respectively. In the next seven year period, the average house prices fell only in Tokyo by 5% whereas the prices increased in all other four cities. The increase was most pronounced in London, where it was 12%. In all other cities it was below 5%, the least (2%) beingness in Frankfurt.It is clear that the average house prices picked up most in the latter seven years of this 12 year period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 28 Cambridge 7 test 4 The pie charts below show units of electricity outpu t signal by fuel book of facts in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given pie charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 in Australia, a total of 100 units of electricity were produced out of which half the amount of electricity was produced from char and the rest was produced from inhering gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal was used to produce more than 75% of electricity and only hydro go on to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%. A negligible amount (2 units each) was produced from oil and vivid gas. In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, w hich was matched by natural gas.The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power. kiransielts. blogspot. com 29 GRAPHS FROM IELTS BOOKS mistreat up to IELTSThe pictures below show how someone can be introduce using an electronic introduce machination. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. The diagram illustrates how an electronic tracking device can be fitted to someones clothing or concealed in a bag, in order to allow that person to be tracked and located. There are three rudimentary s tages to the process. The first stage in the tracking process is to hide the device (the tracker) in an appropriate place such as a bag or the persons clothing. The location of the device is monitored by satellite. A heart is transmitted from the device to a transmission tower.It is received and then re-transmitted as a text message to a mobile phone indicating on the button where the person is. His or her location can also be picked up on a computer / internet website. The device is able to provide details such as the name of the street or pinpoint a specific place on a map/screen. A device of this nature could be very effective as a means of tracking and locating someone such as a school child. kiransielts. blogspot. com 30 Step up to IELTS The diagram below contains information about statistical distribution of water usage in Australia and the average household water usage in Australia.Write a report for a university lecturer.. A. dispersal of water usage in Australia B. Avera ge household water usage in Australia The given column graph and pie chart relate to different aspects of water consumption in Australia. The column graph provides an overview of how water is used generally, whereas the pie chart gives a breakdown of household water usage. From the column graph we can see that a slightly higher percentage of water goes on irrigation than on urban usage, 45 per cent in fact, while the proportion of water used in industry is approximately 10 per cent, is far smaller than in either of these other areas.From the chart we can see that by far the largest proportion of domestic water, well over 50% in fact, goes into gardens and swimming pools. Drinking and homework account for a smaller stack of water consumption than personal hygiene and clothes washing, which together make up about 25%. A very small percentage of water is used for other purposes which are not set in the chart. When read together, the two charts provide a useful overview of water use in Australia. 0 10 20 30 40 50 urban usage Irrigation Industry Other Purposes for which water is used ( is shown as percentage of total) Gardens / wimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / planning Other Gardens / swimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other kiransielts. blogspot. com 31 Step up to IELTS The diagrams below contain information about land and light penetration under the marine. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The two diagrams illustrate the chassis and formation of the land under the sea. The first profile provides a cross section of the coast of a continent beneath the surface of the sea, and illustrates that the Continental shelf oes to a prescience of approximately 200 metres below sea level. The land then drops short to the bottom of the ocean, which is known as the sea floor. The second diagram focuses on the depth of the ocean and the amount of light that penetrates to the bottom. ocean level is shown as 0 m and the first 200 m below the surface is referred to as the sunlight zone. This is where the continental shelf ends. Below this is the twilight zone, which ensconces for 800 m. The water temperature shown is approximately 5C in this zone. The area between 1000 m and 4000 m is known as the dark zone, with a water temperature of I-2C.Almost no light can penetrate this far down. compose across the sea coast of a continent (not to scale) Depth zones of the ocean kiransielts. blogspot. com 32 Step up to IELTS The chart and graph below give information about gross gross revenue and share prices for Coca-Cola. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Two graphs are given. The pie chart shows the arena long distribution of gross revenue of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the line graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17. 1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product realitywide.The largest consumer was North America, where 30. 4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20. 5 and 16. 4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle eastern remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of changes. mixed bag the line graph it is clear that since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose importantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98.From then until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000. This ends my report. North America , 30. 4 Latin America, 25. 7 Europe, 20. 5 Asia, 16. 4 Africa and Middle East, 7 A lot of bottles -Coca-Colas unit case volume by region, 2000, % of total ( Total -17. 1 bn) kiran sielts. blogspot. com 33 Step up to IELTS The chart below gives information about global sales of games software, CDs and DVD or video. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. ? You should compile at least 150 words. ? You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The given column graph shows the sales of video literal / DVDs, games software and CDs around the world in billions of dollars from 2000 to 2003. It can be seen that the sales of videos / DVDs and games software increasedconsiderably, while the sales of CDs went down slightly over the three year period. Between 2000 and 2003, the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13 billion dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold, but in 2003, this figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars. The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less overhastyly.Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. By contrast, during the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35 billion dollars in 2000 to about 32. 5 billion dollars in 2003. kiransielts. blogspot. com 34 Step up to IELTS The tables below show average yearly temperatures and pelting for two cities in Australia. Describe the charts and make comparisons where relevant. Average yearly temperatures and rainfall for Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia Brisbane climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max C 29 27 21 26 bit C 21 17 11 16Rainfall mm 169 86 66 102 wet days 14 11 7 10 Melbourne climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max C 26 20 13 20 Min C 14 11 4 9 Rainfall mm 48 57 49 67 Rainy days 8 12 15 14 The given tables compare the average annual temperatures and rainfall for two cities Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia. It can be seen from the tables that there are some similarities and some differences in the climates. Brisbane and Melbourne have similar climates. However, we can see from the information provided t hat Brisbane is warmer than Melbourne although the differences in temperature are not huge.One interesting point is that the temperature in Brisbane never falls below 11 C, even in winter in July. Melbourne on the other hand experiences colder winters with average minimum temperatures as low as 4. Both Melbourne and Brisbane have good annual rainfall. Brisbane, however, receives almost twice as much rain as Melbourne, while it has fewer wetter days. The wettest months in both cities are January and October, although neither city has a totally dry season, according to the data. So we can see that the climates of both cities have some similarities and some variations. iransielts. blogspot. com 35 Step up to IELTS The graph below shows the world oil production since 1980 with a forecast till 2020. Write a report . The graph gives the past, present and future data concerning the production of the worlds oil in OPEC and non-OPEC countries. The figures show that while the production of oi l in Middle easterly OPEC countries is predicted to increase considerably, oil production elsewhere is likely to fall. Between 1980 and 2000, most of the worlds oil came from non-OPEC countries only two million barrels were produced by OPEC countries.Since then these figures have changed considerably. Between 2000 and 2010, it is shown that approximately 10 million has come from Middle easterly OPEC countries, while a further 10 million barrels has been provided by other OPEC or non-OPEC countries. It is predicted that oil production is likely to stabilise between 2010 and 2020. However, a lot more of this oil is expected to come from the Middle Eastern OPEC countries, and under 5 million barrels per day from other areas. 0 5 10 15 20 1980-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020 Forecast in the world oil production -million barrels / dayNon OPEC Other OPEC OPEC Middle east kiransielts. blogspot. com 36 cook for IELTS AC The following diagram shows normality sources and concentration levels in the groundwater of a coastal city. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. This diagram shows the sources and concentration levels of due north in the groundwater of a coastal city. It can be seen from the diagram that due north is change by lightning or fixed by vegetation. Domestic wastes and fertilizers used in gardens also add to the nitrogen in the water table.Industries add nitrogen through leaks from repositing tanks and wastewater ponds, and the disposal of waste in landfills may lead to more nitrogen entering the water table. The heaviest concentration of nitrogen comes from industry, from household liquid waste, and from landfill. The groundwater flows toward the sea and discharges into the ocean in the groundwater discharge zone. From the water table, some nitrogen is taken up by soil particles. Nitrogen is also added back to the soil by de-nitrification and degassing of ammonia.Therefore the concentration tends to decrease near the sal twater interface and between the areas of high concentration of nitrogen which descend from industry and waste disposal. In this way the nitrogen cycle goes on. kiransielts. blogspot. com 37 realize for IELTS AC Insearch The table below shows consumer preferences for the features of willing washing machines in different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. EXHIBIT ONE CONSUMER PREFERENCES AS TO AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINE FEATURES, BY COUNTRY FEATURES UNITEDKINGDOM GERMANY FRANCE SWEDEN Shell dimensions height and width 34 & shrink 34 & wide 34 & shrink 34 & wide Drum material ornament Stainless marque Enamel Stainless steel Loading bloom Front Front Front electrical capacity 5 kilos 6 kilos 5 kilos 6 kilos Spin speed 700 revolutions per minute 850 rpm 600 rpm 800 rpm Water heating system Yes No No Yes Styling features unseeable appearance Indestructible appearance fine appearance Strong a ppearance Washing action fomenter Tumble Agitator Tumble The table shows consumer preferences for washing machines in four different European countries.In the United Kingdom UK) and France consumers prefer 34 and limit shells whereas in Germany and Sweden they prefer 34 and wide shells. The load capacity varies slightly between 5 and 6 kilos. The preferred birl speed ranges from 850 rpm Germany, 800 rpm Sweden, 700 rpm UK, to 600 rpm France. The preferred drum material is enamel in the UK and France whereas it is stainless steel in the other countries. Consumers in every country except the UK prefer front line loading to top loading machines. The British and the Swedes opt for a water heating system, but this is not so elsewhere.Each country has a different preference for styling features, the British favouring an inconspicuous appearance, the Germans requiring a machine which looks indestructible, the French an elegant machine and the Swedes a strong-looking machine. The nett f eature, the washing action, sees a division between the UK and France where consumers prefer an agitator, and the other countries where a give action is preferred. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 38 contrive for IELTS AC Insearch The following graphs give information about the Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product) and employment sectors of a developing country.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Sectoral distribution of employment and gross domestic product,1992 Employment gross domestic product born(p) Resources 77. 4% 19. 2% Industry 3. 6% 15. 4% Services Trade, restaurants, hotels 4. 9% 37. 1% Transport. communication 1. 6% 8. 4% presidential term 8. 7% 12. 5% Other 3. 8% 7. 4% TOTAL 100% 100% The table shows the percentage of people employed in different sectors of the economy in 1992, and the percentage of GDP which they produced. The main stinting sectors are natural resour ces, industry and services.The line graph shows the trends in the percentage of GDP between 1986 and 1995. The first graph reveals that although 77. 4% of the population worked in natural resources in 1992, they produced only 19. 2% of GDP. However, the 3. 6% of the population who worked in industry produced 15. 4% of GDP, and the 15. 2% who worked in the service sector produced 58% of GDP. The second graph shows that the percentage of GDP in the services sector fell steadily from approximately 65% to 53%. In 1986 natural resources provided more than 25% of GDP, but this declined to less than 20% in 1992, recovered in 1993 but fell below 20% in 1995.Industry get less than 10% of GDP in 1986, but rose to almost 20% in 1995. The two graphs reveal that GDP was earned primarily by the service sector. kiransielts. blogspot. com 39 Prepare for IELTS AC Insearch The graphs below show the entry of overseas students and local students in Australian universities over a ten year period. Su mmarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Enrolments 1989-1999 The two graphs show student enrolment trends over a ten-year period, from 1989-1999, in Australian universities.The first graph illustrates overseas student enrolments and the second local student enrolments. The first graph clearly shows that new overseas students continue to enrol in Australian universities. In 1999 there were approximately 80,000 overseas students around half of whom were new students). The rate of increase in the number of overseas students has been dramatic, doubling every five years, from just under 9,000 in 1989, to 20,000 in 1994 and then over 40,000 in 1999. The local student population was around 600,000 in 1999 with just 200,000 of these being new students.This was just 33% of the local total. It was a significant decline from 50% ten years before, when the total local student population was 400,000 out of which approximately 20 0,000 were new students. The trends clearly demonstrate that growth can be expected to continue from overseas students but not for local students. The two graphs clearly demonstrate increasing demand for Australian university education by overseas students increasing 400% with a significantly smaller increase by local students just 50%J for this period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 40 Prepare for IELTS AC InsearchThe graphs below show the post-school qualifications held by Australians in the age groups 25 to 34 and 55 to 69. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting main features, and make comparisons where relevant. brand SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS 357,500 Australians aged between 25 and 34 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were 104,800 Australians aged between 55 and 69 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were These two pie charts show the differences between two groups of Australians 25 to 34 and 55 to 69 year olds in terms of their post-school qualifications .The most striking feature of the pie charts is the huge number of people with qualifications. The junior group is more than three times bigger than the older group 347,500 compared to 104,800). comparison the two groups, architecture and medicine were less popular with younger graduates medicine was lower in popularity by almost 4%. However, the biggest loss was to engineering, which was preferred by 19. 27% of the older age group as compared to 9. 35% of the younger age group. some(prenominal) subjects were more popular with the younger age group.The biggest gains in graduate numbers were made by Science, Maths and Computers which, as a group, were held by 18. 19%. Administration was 4. 1% more popular in the 25 to 34 year olds. To sum up, the graphs show that the number of young graduates were threefold more than the number of older graduates. Social Sciences, Arts, 19. 48% other, 2. 24% law, 5. 54% medicine, 7. 40% Architecture, 1. 85% Engineering, 9. 36% Veterinary, Agricult ure, 2. 10% Science, Mths, Computers, 18. 19 % Education, 14. 76% Administration, 19. 08% Social Sciences, Arts, 20. 42% other, 2. 48% law, 3. 34% medicine, 11. 31% Architecture, 2. 92% Engineering, 19. 7% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 00% Science, Mths, Computers, 10. 11 % Education, 13. 17% Administration, 14. 98% kiransielts. blogspot. com 41 Ac task 1 High dissemble The graph shows typical levels in enthusiasm, cartel and ability of students attending a ten week IELTS class. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below. The given line graph shows the changes in three factors affecting students over a ten week period in an IELTS class. Overall it can be seen that ability increases a lot over the ten week period and assumption also increases but enthusiasm drops over the time.The most striking point is that at the beginning of the course, students enthusiasm is almost 100 per cent whereas confidence and ability are only slightly above 20 per cen t. Over the first four weeks, both confidence and ability increase, while enthusiasm declines steadily until the sixth week. Confidence takes a sharp fall but then rises